The Clocks of Makkah Over Time
Historical records on the clocks of Makkah (Mecca) are scarce.…
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The History of Neurosurgery in the Islamic Era in Middle Ages
Human knowledge in all fields and disciplines has been developed…
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The Clocks of the Andalusian Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi
Little known book, Kitab al-Asrar, by the Andalusian engineer Ibn…
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Images of the Fixed Stars: Ancient astronomy manuscript resurrected by Uzbek heritage initiative
Uzbekistan has embarked on a journey to identify, catalogue and…
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Pseudo Sciences
Alchemy, occultism and astrology were classified as pseudo-sciences with astrology…
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How African Muslims “Civilized Spain”
The Moors invaded Spain in 711 AD and African Muslims…
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A Commentary on Toxicology in the Arabic Civilization
Toxicology and Pharmacy: In the field of toxicology an early…
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The Birth of Islam and Its Influence
The verification of knowledge and its classification into various disciplines…
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A Rare and Magnificent Manuscript on Ophthalmology (Al-Kafi fi al Kuhl)
The book will be discussed in this article is Al-Kafi…
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Science in the Service of Religion: The Case of Islam
In Islam, as in no other religion in human history,…
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Association Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) – A Father of Operative Plastic Surgery in Europe
Medicine has a great many "fathers" of the profession; Hippocrates…
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Study of the treatise of Radwan al-Sa’ati
The present study is based on the 13th-century treatise of…
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Étude du traité de Radwan al-Sa’ati
Radwan al Sa’ati, poet, doctor and gifted clockmaker of the…
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The Automatic Mechanical Hydraulic Organ of the Banu Musa ibn Shakir
The works of the Banū Mūsā encompass both translations and…
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The Great Physician Historian During the Golden Islamic Medical History – Ibn Abi Usaybi’aa
Most Muslim physicians have heard (or should have heard) about…
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Muslim Female Physicians and Healthcare Providers in Islamic History
It is known that there is little information out there…
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Urinary Calculus Formation Theory and Treatments Described By Ahmed Çelebi in 15th Century Turkey
Āhı̇̄ Aḥmed Çelebi, chief physician to three Ottoman sultans, provides…
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Baghdad Clock in Aachen: Harun al Rashid’s Gift to Charlemagne
The water clock that Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809…
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The Role of Religion in the Development of Mathematical Sciences in Medieval Islamic Civilization
The rise of Islamic Civilization was one of the major…
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MACFEST Event: Medicine in the Middle East with Dr Peter Pormann
Join Peter Pormann to learn about the forgotten history of…
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Al-Jazari’s Peacock Clock (1206 CE)
The Peacock Clock is the sixth machine described by al-Jazari…
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The Orbital Elements of Venus in Medieval Islamic Astronomy: Interaction Between Traditions and the Accuracy of Observations
The orbital elements of each planet are the eccentricity and…
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Natural Drugs in Greco-Arabic and Islamic Medicine
This article has been produced from Chapter 6 "Contributions of…
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The Observational Instruments at the Maragha Observatory after AD 1300
The present paper introduces, investigates, analyses, and comments on an…
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Hospital Development In Muslim Civilisation
The idea behind hospitals in the Muslim world a thousand…
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Biruni’s Telescopic-Shape Instrument for Observing the Lunar Crescent
This paper deals with an optical aid named barbakh that…
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Plague and Contagion
Historians traditionally have divided the occurrence of the bubonic plague…
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The Role of Mathematics and Geometry in Formation of Persian Architecture
Geometry is one of the main features in the formation…
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Astronomy as a global science: The case of Islamic astronomy
This short article was written by Professor Rudiger Lohlker in…
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Music Therapy and Mental Health
Mental Health Care and Bimaristans in the Medical History of…
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Memory and Erasure in the Story of the West: Or, Where have All the Muslims Gone?
This a transcript of a lecture delivered on November 13,…
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Contributions of Scholars from the Muslim Civilisation to Pharmacology
This article has been produced from Chapter 5 "Contributions of…
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Portable Cosmologies
15-16th Century Italian-Islamic Exchanges of the Astrolabe and Effects on…
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New Results In The Research On Some Mathematical Works Of Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi
The article analyses the mathematical contents of four texts by…
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Hydraulic Imagery in Medieval Arabic Texts
The Arabic reports about irrigation, dams and water-powered machines form…
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Ibn al-Haytham and Psychophysics
The famous scientist Ibn al-Haytham (‘Alhazen') has rightly been credited…
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Turkish Medical History of the Seljuk Era
The Great Seljuk state was part of the medieval Islamic…
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Al-Andalus, a Bridge Between Arabic and European Science
The purpose of this paper is to outline the conditions…
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Book Review: “Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine: Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy and Regulatory Issues”
Traditional Arab-Islamic* herbal medicine plays an increasingly influential role in…
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An Untold Story: The Important Contributions of Muslim Scholars for the Understanding of Human Anatomy
It is usually assumed that Galen is one of the…
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The Arab Roots of European Medicine
Wel knew he the olde Esculapius And Deyscorides and eek…
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The Islamic Roots of the Modern Hospital
"The hospital shall keep all patients, men and women, until…
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The Classification of Mental Diseases in the Ottoman Medical Manuscripts
The Ottomans provided great contributions towards the fields of psychiatry…
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The Islamic Roots of Modern Pharmacy
Along the road from sympathetic magic and shamanism to scientific…
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Keep your distance – health lessons from the history of pandemics
From a simple cold to a serious illness, humans have…
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Some Thoughts on the Politics of Early Modern Ottoman Science
Beyond Dominant Paradigms in Ottoman and Middle Eastern/ North African…
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Prophylactic Medicine
Arab physicians preferred the preservation of health to its restoration,…
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Digital Light & Codebreakers
Taken from the Bletchley Park's Digital Light: Code Makers brochure,…
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Islamic Sacred Geography and Finding the Qibla by the Sun and Stars
A survey of the historical sources with an appendix on…
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In Conversation: Who Owns Science?
On 11 February 2020 an event entitled " In Conversation:…
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Women’s Contribution to Classical Islamic Civilisation: Science, Medicine and Politics
While there are numerous works on the role of Muslim…
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Science Institutionalization in Early Islam
“Bayt al-Hikma of Baghdad as a Model of an Academy…
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The Birth of Modern Astronomy
Some people, unaware of what was accomplished during Muslim civilisation,…
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Water innovations in the Muslim world: past glories and future outlook
From the eighth century onwards, Muslim societies extending from Cordoba…
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White Supremacism and Islamic Astronomy in History of Astronomy Texts from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day
This paper reviews manifestations of racism in European and American…
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Development of Astronomy in Ottomans
Generally, it is possible to study the development of astronomy…
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1001 Cures – Introduction
Islamic civilisation developed a system of healthcare that, at its…
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Constantine the African and the Qayrawani doctors: Contribution of the ‘Phoenicians’ of North Africa to Latin Medicine in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
When a sixteenth-century medical writer referred to Phoenicians, alongside Arabs,…
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Embedding Scientific Ideas as a Mode of Science Transmission
I used the discipline of astronomy as a template to…
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Manuscript Review: The Book on Public Finance, by Abu `Ubayd Al-Harawi
Abu `Ubayd's work is much more comprehensive in the subject…
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1001 Cures Book launch at The Royal Society in London during the British Science Week
To celebrate the launch of 1001 Cures; Contributions in Medicine…
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From Baghdad to Barcelona: The Anxiety of Influence in the Transmission of the Greek and Arabic Sciences
Drawing on Harold Bloom’s model of poetic influence and supersession…
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1001 Cures: Contributions in Medicine and Healthcare from Muslim Civilisation
1001 Cures: Contributions in Medicine and Healthcare from Muslim Civilisation…
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Islam’s Historical Contribution to Commerce and Finance
Under the reign of Eurocentrism, the Western mind imagines that…
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Astronomy in Medieval Jerusalem
Various medieval Arabic manuscripts preserved in libraries around the world…
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Arabic Medicinal Manuscripts of Pre-Colonial Northern Nigeria: A Descriptive List
West African Muslim scholars produced a number of Arabic works…
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Dental Care in Islamic Medical Science: Muhammad al-Aqkirmani (d. 1760) and his Risalah fi hukm al-Siwak
Most of the oldest Muslim treatises on Siwak remain in…
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Islamic Astronomy from “Star Wars” to Star Tables
The most obvious difference between modern and Islamic astronomy is…
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Ibn al-Nafis, the Pulmonary Circulation, and The Islamic Golden Age
Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) was an Arab physician who made several…
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Avicenna’s Medical Thinking in Colonial Mexico
New Spain was a viceroyalty of Spain between 1521 and…
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Star-finders Astrolabes
Over a thousand-year period in Muslim Civilisation, epoch-making discoveries and…
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Avicenna’s Medical Thinking in Colonial Mexico
New Spain was a viceroyalty of Spain between 1521 and…
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An introduction to Early Islamic Society and Social Sciences
...in order to know or appreciate most developments of Muslim…
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The Impact of Islamic Science and Learning on England
Nothing contrasts more the discrepancies in learning as the place…
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Technology in sub-Saharan Cultures
Genetic and paleontological findings have concluded that Africa is the…
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Muslims Contribution to the Study and Development of Medical Sciences in 19th Century Nigeria: A Preliminary Account
This paper presented at the 7th International Congress of the…
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Islamic Astronomy
This article was originally published as: “Islamic Astronomy”, in Christopher…
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A Chronology – Turkey’s 700-year long venture in science and technology
A chronology on "Science from the East - Techniques from…
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Albucasis: A Landmark for Arabic and European Surgery
This article presents Abu'l-Qasim Khalaf ibn 'Abbas al-Zaharawi, Arabic أبو…
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A Culture Devoted to Healing
Muslim Contributions to the Medical Sciences A Tribute to Dr…
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Historiography of Science and Medicine: Balancing Scholarship with Public Engagement
In recent years, here at Fez and all over the…
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The Journey of Automatic Machines in Muslim Civilisation
This keynote lecture reviews the rise and development of automatic…
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Manuscript Review: The Clear Exposition of the Principles of Accountability, by Ibn al-Ukhuwwah
[Ibn al-Ukhuwwah] provides a summary of the positive and negative…
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Al-Khalili and the Culmination of Spherical Astronomy in 14th-Century Damascus
Syria in the 14th century was the scene of the…
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Manuscript Review: The Discourse of Listener and Speaker on the Etiquette of Learning and Learner, by Ibn Jama’ah
It was in the year 672 A.H. (1273 A.C.) that…
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The House of Wisdom: Baghdad’s Intellectual Powerhouse
The heyday of Baghdad was 1,200 years ago when it…
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Medical Books on Healthy Living from Muslim Civilisation
If you think medical advice on healthy living - good…
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Ophthalmologists of the Medieval Islamic World
The main purpose of this monograph is to review some…
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Obesity: 1000 years ago
I enjoyed Richard Barnett's Historical Keywords piece on obesity (May…
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Allah’s Automata – A Review of the Exhibition
Reflections on: A New Exhibition on Artifacts of the Arab/Islamic…
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The Mechanical Corpus of Al-Isfizārī in the Sciences of Weights and Ingenious Devices: New Arabic Texts in Theoretical and Practical Mechanics
Editorial note: This article needs to be read in conjunction…
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A Fascinating Journey of Clocks in Muslim Civilisation
On 22-23 October 2015, the “3rd International conference on History…
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“Egyptology: The Missing Millennium” of Medieval Arabic Sources
In this paper, I would like to discuss the missing…
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Nearly 3 Centuries old light system illuminates a sacred grave on Sun’s equinox
This year has been chosen as "International Year of Light…
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Jordan conference explores Schools and Learning Institutions in Muslim Civilisation
In order to popularise the diverse history of science. The…
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Ingenious Clocks from Muslim Civilisation that Defied the Middle Ages
TIME TELLING MACHINES: Revealing marvellous mechanical and water-powered clocks from…
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Announcement: On New FSTC Historiography
The Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation (FSTC) now seeks…
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The International Year of Light Sheds Light on the Dark Ages
The UNESCO International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies is…
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Manuscript Review: Instruction of the Learner; The Method of Learning, by Al-Zarnuji
Zarnuji’s work represents a landmark in the history of Pedagogy…
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Professor Devin Stewart: The Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadīm and the Transmission of Knowledge in the Islamic World
On Wednesday 22nd April, a public lecture exploring “The Fihrist…
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Ibn Yunus and The Pendulum: A History of Errors
In this article, Professor David A. King explores the authenticity…
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World Health Day 7th April: Muslim Heritage in Medicine
World Health Day is celebrated on 7th April each year…
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Ibn Sina’s The Canon of Medicine
The Sheikh al-Ra'is Sharaf al-Mulk Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn b. ‘Abd…
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BBC Travel: Where algebra got its name from
Amazing snapshots from Khiva (formally known as Khawarizm) in Uzbekistan.…
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The renaissance of astronomy in Baghdad in the 9th and 10th centuries
[Note of the editor] This article was published in 2003…
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Manuscript Review: Farthest Perception in the Comprehension of Heavens, by Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
With all the weight of his knowledge, Qutub al-Din preferred…
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Medicine and Health in Medieval Arabic Poetry: An Historical Review
This review of medieval Arabic medical poetry is based on…
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Manuscript Review: The Detailed Treatise on Matters Concerning Learners and Guidelines for Teachers and Learners, by Al-Qabisi
Al-Qabisi was the inventor of the concept and practice of…
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The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham
The Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC) announces their…
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L’orgue hydraulique des Banu Mûsa (The Hydraulic Organ of Banu Musa)
(The Hydraulic Organ of Banu Musa (9th Century): An Early…
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Manuscript Review: Treatise on ‘The Alive Son of the Awake’, by Ibn Tufayl
Besides [Ibn Tufayl's] contributions in medicine, he is best known…
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‘Umar al-Khayyam (Omar Khayyam)
‘Umar al-Khayyam (better known as Omar Khayyam, 1048-1123 CE), was…
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Introducing Medical Humanities in the Medical Curriculum in Saudi Arabia: A Pedagogical Experiment
In a marked shift from the positivist philosophy that influenced…
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Professor Rabie E. Abdel-Halim’s Lectures
In 2012, FSTC members contributed to several activities by publishing…
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Ibn Zuhr and the Progress of Surgery
This study of the original Arabic edition of the book…
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Professor Qasim Al-Samarrai Lecture on the The Edition of Arabic Manuscripts
On Wednesday 28th November 2012, Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation in…
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Experimental Medicine 1000 Years Ago
Little is known about the state of experimentation in the…
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Reason and Rationality in the Quran
In this long and well written article, Dr Ibrahim Kalin,…
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Book Review: “Debt – The First 5,000 Years” by David Graeber
Economics textbooks claim that money was invented to replace onerous…
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Lectures on Islamic Medicine at RCP, London
Lectures on Islamic Medicine at the Royal College of Physicians…
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A New Arabic Text of Mechanics: Sinan ibn Thabit on the Theory of Simple Machines
The Arabic manuscript Orient fol. 3306 preserved at the Staatsbibliothek…
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Four Medieval Hospitals in Syria
The creation of hospitals as institutions for the care of…
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A Medical Classic: Al-Razi’s Treatise on Smallpox and Measles
Kitab fi Al Jadari wa Al Hasaba authored by the…
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Caesarean Section in Early Islamic Literature
Some medical historians of the last century mistakenly recorded that…
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Significant Ottoman Mathematicians and their Works
This article aims to give an overview of the formation…
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Ali Al-Qushji and His Contributions to Mathematics and Astronomy
Ali Al-Qushji was one of the most noteworthy and important…
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The Institution of Waqf as a Solution to the Economic Crisis
The Wall Street Journal, one of the world's most respected…
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Did Medieval Islamic Theology Subvert Science?
It is often supposed in Islamic studies that Al-Ghazali demolished…
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Kerala Mathematics and Its Possible Transmission to Europe
The Kerala School of astronomy and mathematics was an Indian…
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Arabic Roots of the Scientific Revolution
It is well known nowadays that modern Scientific Revolution benefited…
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Natural Philosophy in the Islamic World
In the following short report, we present a summary of…
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The Influence of Ibn al-Haytham on Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
This is a very short note summarizing the lecture presented…
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Trevor Hilder: A Story About Sustainable History
After briefly describing his work background, Trevor Hilder tells the…
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Contributions of Ibn al-Nafis to the Progress of Medicine and Urology
This primary-source study of four medical works of the 13th…
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Reflections on the Optics of Time
Based on the outstanding achievement of Ibn al-Haytham's work in…
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Pioneer Physicians
During the classical Muslim civilisation, big scientific advances in medicine…
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Insights into Neurologic Localization by Al-Razi (Rhazes), a Medieval Islamic Physician
Al-Razi (Rhazes) (born in 864 CE) wrote over 200 scientific…
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From Frankfurt and Cairo to Damascus: Recent Models of the Umayyad Mosque Clock
From Frankfurt and Cairo to Damascus: Recent Models of the…
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The 15th Century Turkish Physician Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu Author of Cerrahiyetu ‘l-Haniyye
The Turkish physician Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu (1385–1470) is the author of…
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The European Muslim Heritage and its Role in the Development of Europe
In a keynote lecture pronounced by Professor Salim T S…
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Book review: Ibn al-Haytham and the New Optics
This is a book review of Ibn El-Heysem ve Yeni…
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Ibn Khaldun: Studies on His Contribution in Economy
In the following section, we focus on Ibn Khaldun's contribution…
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Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works
Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, the well known historian and thinker…
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Teaching and Researching on Arabic-Islamic Science at the University of Barcelona (1931-2010)
Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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Evolution of Attitudes Towards Human Experimentation in Ottoman Turkish Medicine
Attitudes and expectations towards medical knowledge and medical practice standards…
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The Origins of Islamic Science
In the following well documented article Dr Muhammad Abdul Jabbar…
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Status of Research in the History of Astronomy in the Arab World
Professor Hamid M. K. Al-Naimy [Proceedings of the conference 1001…
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Manuscripts and printing in the spread of Muslim science
[Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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The Transfer of Science Between India, Europe and China via Muslim Heritage
[Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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Medicine in the Middle Ages: New Insights and a Call for Further Research
[Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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The Stellar and Lunar Keys to Medieval Muslim Agriculture
Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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Statement of HH Princess Sumaya bint El Hassan in the Opening Session
[Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our…
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Ottoman Cash Waqfs Revisited: The Case of Bursa (1555- 1823)
Cash endowments contributed to Ottoman society, without any cost to…
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Ibn Khaldun’s Thought in Microeconomics: Dynamics of Labor, Demand-supply and Prices
In this article on Ibn Khaldun's thought in microeconomics, Cecep…
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The Economic Theory of Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Nations
The economic theory of Ibn Khaldun and the rise and…
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Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires
The 14th-century historiographer and historian Abu Zayd ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn…
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Ibn Khaldun and Adam Smith: Contributions to Theory of Division of Labor and Modern Economic Thought
The contributions of Ibn Khaldun to the development of economic…
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Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Taxation and its Relevance Today
Ibn Khaldun's theory of taxation has been considered one of…
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Muslim Contributions to Modern Civilisation
Dr Salim Ayduz, researcher at FSTC, presented on Tuesday 9…
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One Thousand Years of Missing History
The following essay aims to alert communities as to the…
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Lady Montagu and the Introduction of Smallpox Inoculation to England
The English aristocrat and writer Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762)…
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Kairouan Capital of Political Power and Learning in the Ifriqiya
The following article presents a survey on some glorious pages…
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Al-Muqaddasi and Human Geography: An Early Contribution to Social Sciences
Recent scholarly interest in the genesis of social sciences in…
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Numbers, Numbers
Amicable number, perfect numbers, deficient numbers, abundant numbers, studying numbers…
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Botany, Herbals and Healing In Islamic Science and Medicine
The scholars of Islamic culture worked extensively in the combined…
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New Discoveries in the Islamic Complex of Mathematics, Architecture and Art
The complex of disciplines composed of mathematics, architecture and art…
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Rediscovering Arabic Science
The magazine Saudi Aramco World published in May-June 2007 an…
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Filling the Gap in the History of Pre-Modern Industry: 1000 Years of Missing Islamic Industry
Most educational systems, particularly those of Western countries, teach that…
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Creating a 3D Model with Motion Analysis of Taqi al-Din’s Six-Cylinder Pump
Among the original machines described in the corpus of Islamic…
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Anatomy of the Horse in the 15th Century
The famous image we find in an Arabic manuscript depicting…
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Anaesthesia 1000 Years Ago (I)
The following research article in a particular field of the…
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Anaesthesia 1000 Years Ago (II)
The following research article in a particular field of the…
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Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century
Abu Bakr Muhammed Al-Karaji is a Muslim mathematician and engineer…
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Ibn Khaldun’s Concept of Education in the ‘Muqaddima’
At first sight, the place held by education in Ibn…
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Pericardial Pathology 900 Years Ago: A Study and Translations from an Arabic Medical Textbook
This is a study and translation of the section on…
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The Missing Link in the History of Urology
With few exceptions, most of the current publications on history…
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The Volume of the Sphere in Arabic Mathematics: Historical and Analytical Survey
The following article focuses on the cubic measure of the…
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The Medical Organization at the Ottoman Court
The Ottoman imperial Palace was quite different from Western palaces…
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Book Review of The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science by Arun Bala
The book "The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of…
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Al-Ghazali’s Theory of Education
Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) was one of the most influential Muslim thinkers.…
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Women Dealing with Health during the Ottoman Reign
In the history of Islamic civilization, many hospitals were founded…
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Mont Saint-Michel or Toledo: Greek or Arabic Sources for Medieval European Culture?
In a recent book, Sylvain Gouguenheim has caused a furore…
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The Paracelsian Influence on Ottoman Medicine
Galen's concept of medicine which dominated the medical world almost…
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Al-Farabi’s Doctrine of Education: Between Philosophy and Sociological Theory
Throughout the ages thinkers have raised the question of what…
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Circumcision Ceremonies at the Ottoman Palace
Circumcision is widely practiced in all Islamic countries. Festivities pertaining…
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Medical Sciences in the Islamic Civilization
The medical sciences and related fields have enjoyed great peaks…
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The Medical History Museum of Istanbul University: Project, Challenges and Academic Questions
This article is about the foundation of the Medical History…
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The Simurgh: A Symbol of Holistic Medicine in the Middle Eastern Culture in History
This article discusses the view that the simurgh, a mythological…
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The Ethical Theory of Education of Ahmad Miskawayh
Abu `Ali Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Ya'qub Miskawayh (932-1030) is…
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The Six-Cylinder Water Pump of Taqi al-Din: Its Mathematics, Operation and Virtual Design
The main objective of this study is to investigate into…
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Ahmad Salim Sa‘idan: A Palestinian Historian of Arabic Mathematics
Since the middle of the 20th century, the history of…
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Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations: ‘Abd Al-Hamîd Ibn Turk and the Algebra of his Time
The famed Muslim scholar Al-Kwarazmi has long been known as…
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A Plea for the Recovery of the Forgotten History of Muslim Heritage
This is a review of the book published in 2007…
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Islam’s Forgotten Contributions to Medical Science
The transmission of medical knowledge can be traced to some…
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Highly Valued Virtues of Classical Ottoman Turkish Medical Ethics: A View From Past to Future
Virtues such as modesty, contentedness, fidelity and hopefulness expected from…
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It’s Time to Herald the Arabic Science That Prefigured Darwin and Newton
In this era of intolerance and cultural tension, Professor Al-Khalili…
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Remembering the Language of History and Science: When the World Spoke Arabic
Two shows are expected to be broadcast on BBC Four…
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Capitalist Traditions in Early Arab-Islamic Civilization
In the following article, Professor S. M. Ghazanfar, a specialist…
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Vidinli Huseyin Tawfik: A Modern Turkish Specialist of Linear Algebra
This article is a biography essay on the life and…
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Islamic Automation: Al-Jazari’s Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
In the following essay, Dr. Gunalan Nadarajan, Associate Dean of…
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Science and Rationalism in 9th Century Baghdad
Text of the Lecture of Professor Jim Al-Khalili in the…
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The Invention of Spectacles between the East and the West
The following article by the expert scholar Lutfallah Gari surveys…
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The Book of Curiosities or A Medieval Islamic View of the Cosmos
The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford has purchased…
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Certain Aspects of Medical Instruction in Medieval Islam and its Influences on Europe
In this article, Professor Aydin Syili analyses the medical teaching…
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The Advent of Scientific Chemistry
Until recently, the mainstream history of scientific ideas has failed…
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A ‘Gap-Filling’ Book on Islamic Economic Thought
This book is a collection of previously-published papers on the…
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Glimpses in the History of A Great Number: Pi in Arabic Mathematics
The Greek letter pi (symbolized by p) is defined as…
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Arabic and the Art of Printing
In this special section reproduced from Aramco World (issue March/April…
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A Bibliography of the Islamic and Chinese Scientific Relationships in Classical Times
In the following bibliography of the Islamic and Chinese scientific…
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Muslim Heritage in Mechanics and Technology: Outline of a Program for Future Research
The following text is the revised and expanded version of…
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Ottoman Contributions to Science and Technology
The Ottoman contribution to science and technology during their six…
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George Sarton and the History of Science
George Sarton was a pioneer scholar who played a decisive…
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Taqi al-Din Ibn Ma’ruf: Survey on his Works and Scientific Method
Being in form a bio-bibliographical essay on the life and…
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Tracing the Impact of Latin Translations of Arabic Texts on European Society
In this article, Professor Charles Burnett, a world expert in…
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Mathematics in the Medieval Maghrib: General Survey on Mathematical Activities in North Africa
In this important article, Professor Ahmed Djebbar, the renowned scholar…
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Ridhwan al-Sa’ati: A Biographical Outline
Fakhr al-Dīn Ridhwān ibn Rustam al-Sā'ātī (d. between 618-626 H/1220-1229…
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The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual Reconstruction
In his book The Brightest Stars for the Construction of…
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The Instruments of Istanbul Observatory
In this article, Professor Sevim Tekeli, an outstanding scholar in…
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The Observation Well
Observation wells received much historical interest relating to observatories. In…
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Innovation in the Islamic World: Learning from the Past to Design the Future
The seat of the World Bank in Paris hosted on…
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Principle and Use of Ottoman Sundials
Muslim astronomers and engineers invented a variety of dials for…
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Taqi al Din Ibn Ma’ruf ‘s Work on Extracting the Cord 2o and Sin 1o
This article by Professor Sevim Tekeli, a leading historian of…
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Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi’s Explanation of the Rainbow
This article focuses on a critical presentation of the arguments…
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Our Arabic Heritage in the Celestial Vault
In Arabic culture, as in other civilisations, the cultural dimension…
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Al-Jazari’s Third Water-Raising Device: Analysis of its Mathematical and Mechanical Principles
Five pumps or water-raising machines are described by al-Jazari in…
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Al-Jazari’s Castle Water Clock: Analysis of its Components and Functioning
The first machine described by al-Jazari in his famous treatise…
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The Self Changing Fountain of Banu Musa bin Shakir
Amongst the mechanical devices described by the Banu Musa Brothers…
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Bringing to Life the Islamic History of Europe: A Video Documentary
The video documentary produced by the BBC in 2005 An…
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An 800 Years Old Ancestor: Today’s Science of Robotics and Al-Jazari
Introducing al-Jazari's ancestry to modern cybernetics and robotics science, Prof.…
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Overview on al-Jazari and his Mechanical Devices
In this article, Professor Yavuz Unat, a known historian of…
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Tentative Global Timeline of Contacts between the World of Islam and Western Europe: 7th -20th Cent.
The following timeline presents a survey of Muslim presence in…
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Arabic Eclipse Records Bring Light to Scientific Analysis of the Earth’s Rotation
A total eclipse of the Moon occurs during the night…
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Nasuh Al-Matrakî, A Noteworthy Ottoman Artist-Mathematician of the Sixteenth Century
Matrakci Nasuh was a famous Ottoman polymath, writer and knight…
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The List of Al-jazari Articles Published on Muslim Heritage Website
Some 800 years in the past, in 1206, a brilliant…
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The History of Scientific Interaction
The evolution of world politics since the last decade of…
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800 Years Later: In Memory of Al-Jazari, A Genius Mechanical Engineer
Al-Jazari (1136-1206) was an important Arab Muslim scholar. He was…
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Science under Islam: A Reflection on Past Brilliancy and Future Revival
This is a review of a book by Sayyed Misbah…
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Health in the Ottoman Empire: A Collective Achievement in the History of Ottoman Medicine
This is a review of Health in the Ottomans (Osmanlilarda…
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Survey on the Development of the Historical Method among Muslim Scholars until Ibn Khaldun
This article surveys the development of historical methodology in the…
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The Armillary Sphere: A Concentrate of Knowledge in Islamic Astronomy
The armillary sphere is an ancient astronomical instrument reproducing a…
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Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smith’s Work
Najma Kazi reviews some salient aspects of Emilie Savage-Smith's work.…
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Arabic Star Names: A Treasure of Knowledge Shared by the World
Many of the prominent stars known today are of Arabic…
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“Three Times Greater than Venus”: Ibn Ridhwan’s Observation of Supernova 1006
1001 years ago, an extraordinary astronomical event occurred in the…
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A Treasure of World Heritage: Islamic Manuscripts in the Kandilli Observatory
This is a review of a book bringing to light…
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Famous Figures of the Modern Turkish Medical School
To throw light on famous figures of the Turkish modern…
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Illustrious Names in the Heavens: Arabic and Islamic Names of the Moon Craters
24 craters of the Moon bear names of Arabic and…
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Precious Records of Eclipses in Muslim Astronomy and History
On the occasion of the lunar eclipse that occurs on…
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Precious Records of Eclipses in Muslim Astronomy and History
On the occasion of the lunar eclipse that occurs on…
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The Mechanics of Banu Musa in the Light of Modern System and Control Engineering
This article is a review of the book published recently…
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Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn Yahya Al-Zarqali
This short paper introduces a longer essay by Prof. Gunalan…
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Deciphering Egyptian Hieroglyphs in Muslim Heritage
The article surveys some results of Dr. Okasha El Daly's…
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Tolerance or Compatibility? The Search for a Qur’anic Paradigm of Science
In this illuminating analysis, Prof. Ahmad Dallal produces an authoritative…
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The Arabic Sources of Jordanus de Nemore
The following article by Professors Menso Folkerts and Richard Lorch,…
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Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage
Hindiba is a plant of Middle Eastern lands. Its therapeutic…
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The Arabic Partial Version of Pseudo-Aristotle’s Mechanical Problems
Based on manuscript evidence, the article presents a study of…
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Al-Hassâr’s Kitâb al-Bayân and the Transmission of the Hindu-Arabic Numerals
This article was a talk given at the 7th Maghrebi…
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Rediscovering Arabic Science: Islamic Scientific Heritage in the last issue of Saudi Aramco World
In its current issue (May-June 2007), Saudi Aramco World, a…
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A New Book on the Ottoman Military History: Guns for the Sultan by Gábor Ágoston
Ágoston's book provides new insights into the Ottomans' approach to…
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Ottoman Mining, Metal Working and Fire-Arms Technology in South East Europe (15th-17th centuries)
The article deals with the impact of Ottoman mining and…
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Copernicus and Arabic Astronomy: A Review of Recent Research
Some 800 years in the past, in 1206, a brilliant…
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The Appreciation of Arabic Science and Technology in the Middle Ages
This article describes the appreciation of Arabic science and technology…
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Scientific Transfer and Scholarship in Medieval Arabic Pharmacology
Arabic pharmacology, a branch of scientific literature dealing with the…
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When Ridhwan al-Sa’ati Anteceded Big Ben by More than Six Centuries
The following article by Abdel Aziz al-Jaraki, a scholar from…
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Al-Razi on Smallpox and Measles
This article by Dr. Abdulnasser Kaadan shows that as early…
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Selected Gleanings from the History of Islamic Medicine
The medical Islamic tradition is one of the richest and…
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The Syriac-speaking Christians and the Translation of Greek Science into Arabic
This article by Professor John Healey, describes the key role…
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Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage
Muslim medicine is characterised by a high level of experience…
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Glances on Calendars and Almanacs in the Islamic Civilisation
From the beginning of the Islamic history, the scholars developed…
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The Abbasids’ House of Wisdom in Baghdad
The House of Wisdom was in fame, status, scope, size,…
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Suleymaniye Medical Madrasa
This article discusses the emergence and origins of institutional Ottoman…
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Sine, Cosine and the Measurement of the Earth
Mathematics has long been an area of expertise amongst Muslim…
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Al-Urdi’s Article on ‘The Quality of Observation’
Astronomy has for a long time been of keen interest…
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Mathematics in Muslim Heritage
Early mathematics was revolutionised by Muslim scholars like Al-Khwarizmi, the…
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Alfraganus and the Elements of Astronomy
Al-Farghânî, known in the West as Alfraganus , was one…
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Ottoman Maritime Arsenals And Shipbuilding Technology In The 16th And 17th Centuries
In this article Prof. Idris Bostan describes Ottoman shipbuilding efforts…
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Scientific Contacts and Influences Between the Islamic World and Europe: The Case of Astronomy
For more than a thousand years the Muslim East and…
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How Islam Inspired Scientific Advance
The impact of Islam permeated so many spheres of knowledge…
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General Organisation of Education and Teaching Methods in Islamic Civilisation
Organised learning had been a feature of Islamic Civilisation since…
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Learning Institutions in Islam
Learning institutions in various forms have existed for centuries in…
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The Science of Restoring and Balancing – The Science of Algebra
Muslim contributions in the field of mathematics have been both…
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Attempts of Flight, Automatic Machines, Submarines and Rocket Technology in Turkish History
In the Islamic world, great importance was placed upon the…
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Ethical Aspects of Ottoman Surgical Practice
Information about the requirements and expectations of medical ethics regarding…
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Contribution of Al-Khwarizmi to Mathematics and Geography
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi is one of the greatest scientific…
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Pioneers of Automatic Control Systems
Although the feedback concept, which is lying in the foundation…
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An Overview of Ottoman Scientific Activities
The scientific activities observed within the borders of the Ottoman…
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The Emergence of Scientific Tradition in Islam
The definition and nature of science has long been an…
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Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Ottoman State
This article will provide a short introduction to the history…
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Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West
The article covers the avenues which led to the transfer…
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The Modern Hospital in Medieval Islam
The hospital was one of the most developed institutions of…
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Al-Khwarizmi, Abdu’l-Hamid Ibn Turk and the Place of Central Asia in the History of Science
Abu Ja`far Muhammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârazmî is a truly outstanding…
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The Balance: The Core Mental Model of the Islamic Science of Weights
This article includes the recent work by Professor Abattouy and…
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Lord Vivian Bowden on Muslim Heritage in Economics and Fiscal System
Lord Bowden was a legendary Principal and Vice Chancellor of…
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Artillery Trade of the Ottoman Empire
Trade has no borders. During times of hostility between the…
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From Alchemy to Chemistry
Until recently, the mainstream history of scientific ideas has failed…
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Introduction of Smallpox Vaccination to England
This short article describes Lady Montagu's efforts in introducing a…
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CHILDREN’S ACTIVITY: How to Make a Pinhole Camera
Would you like to make a wonderful camera in just…
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Islamic Science, the Scholar and Ethics
The ethics or philosophy of science has in more recent…
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The Earliest Paediatric Surgical Atlas: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye
The author of one of the earliest surgical books was…
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The Scholars of Seville – Medicine
Seville was also a centre Medical expertise in Islamic civilisation.…
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The Scholars of Seville – Mathematics and Astronomy
In Seville, scholars led the science of astronomy, criticising earlier…
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Beauty, Hair and Body Care in the Canon of Ibn Sina
The seventh and last art mentioned in the fourth book…
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Al-Razi the Medical Scholar
Al-Razi was "a writer of rare and incredible productiveness as…
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Central Asian Contributions to the earlier phases of hospital building – Activity in Islam
Modern hospials finds its origin in Islamic civilisation replacing institutions…
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Astronomical Instruments of Tycho Brahe and Taqi al-Din
Tycho Brahe "was a brilliant astronomer and scientist of his…
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Al-Fârâbî as a Source of the History of Philosophy and of Its Definition
The origins of science lie in the study we call…
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Observatories In Islam
The observatory as an organised and state sponsored activity began…
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Muslim Contributions to Philosophy – Ibn Sina, Farabi, Beyruni
Muslim philosophers were men of science who explored and set…
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Leonard of Pisa (Fibonacci) and Arabic Arithmetic
Professor Charles Burnett shows that Fibonacci failed to give adequate…
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The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din
Prof. Salim T S Al-Hassani In this pioneering survey of…
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Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University
For well over twelve hundred years Al-Qarawiyyin has been one…
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The Impact of Islamic Science and Learning on England: Adelard of Bath and Daniel of Morley
Most certainly the first English scientist ever was Adelard of…
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Astrology for the Ottomans
Among the Ottomans there was constant controversy over whether astrology…
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Turkish Contributions to Scientific Work in Islam
Turks have played an active part in the pursuit of…
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Salerno and Constantine the African
Salerno came to prominence as the first faculty-University of the…
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The Destruction of the Muslim Economic System: A Prime reason for the Decline of Muslim Science
Attacks on Islamic centres of wealth on land and on…
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Did Muslim Rulers play a part in the decline of Muslim Civilisation?
Muslims stand responsible for their own decadence. After the early…
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Were the Berbers and Seljuks instrumental in decline of Muslim Civilisation?
It is actually a hostility to Berbers and Turks that…
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The Question is? Myths and Fallacies Surrounding the Decline of Muslim Civilisation
Why did Islamic civilisation fall into decline? This article seeks…
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Ibn Rushd: Harmony of Theological & Philosophical (Scientific) Truth
Ibn Rushd is perhaps the best known Muslim scholar of…
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Madrasas of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Madrasas, were generally the continuation of traditional Islamic Madrasas,…
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Madrassa Education during the Early Ottoman Period
The madrasas of the early Ottoman period can be considered…
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The Development and Decline of Ottoman Madrasas
The development of madrasas was greatly influenced by the impact…
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Science and Institutions within Ottoman Administration
The Ottomans conserved the fundamental features of Islamic civilisation in…
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Andalusian Coins 711-1494CE
Muslims minted their first gold coins when they entered Spain…
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Abbasid Coins (750-1258CE)
The Abbasid Dynasty experimented with different kinds of coins. They…
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The Little Known Tolerant and Humane Side of Islamic Civilisation
...it can safely be said that no faith can show…
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Ibn Hazm’s Philosophy and Thoughts on Science
Abu Muhammad ‘Ali Ibn Ahmad Ibn Sa’id Ibn HAZM, (November…
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Al-Kindi, Cryptography, Code Breaking and Ciphers
Cryptography paved the way for the development of arguably humanity's…
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The University of Sankore, Timbuktu
Sankore's achievement in higher education is important to Islamic Civilisation…
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Muslim Contribution to Cosmetics
Al-Zahrawi's medical encyclopaedia, used in Europe's Universities from the 12th-17th…
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Recommended Reading for Understanding the Impact of Muslim Science on the West
Amongst the English writing authors who can enlighten the reader…
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Misconceptions about Islamic and Greek Science
According to some, heritage was lost during the Dark Ages…
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The Impact of Translations of Muslim Sciences on the West
Scholars from all Christian lands rushed to translate Muslim science,…
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The Role of the Crusades in the transfer of Islamic science to the West
Local builders employed by the Crusaders revealed the solutions to…
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The Role of Sicily in the transfer of Islamic Science to the West
The role of Sicily in the transfer of Muslim science…
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Aspects of Influence of Muslim Science on the West
To go through the Islamic impact on modern science and…
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The Book of Water (Kitab Al-Ma’a)
Kitab Al-Ma'a, a strange title for the first known Encyclopedia…
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The Beginning of the Paper Industry
Paper, originally, was brought by the Muslims from China. From…
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The Beginning of the Islamic Hospitals
Possibly the earliest hospital in Islam was a mobile dispensary…
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Contrast between Islamic and Western Science
The crucial, most fundamental, difference between Islamic and secular Western…
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Quran, Hadith and Knowledge
The Quran, repeatedly calls on the believers to seek knowledge,…
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The apparent conflict of science and religion is a uniquely…
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Islam as the Impetus of Scientific Advance
Islam provided such impetus in the era 800-1200. Islam makes…
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Muslim Scholars and Science
Muslim scholars also realised that understanding the complexities of the…
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Quranic Verses on Science
Whilst scientific truths are very regularly questioned and abandoned, the…
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Urinary Stone Disease in Arabian Medicine
Urinary stone disease (urolithiasis) was discussed in great detail in…
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The Impact of Islamic Learning: The spread of Arabic scientific literature to Europe
Paul Tannery said of geometry of the eleventh century in…
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Ibn Khaldun on Taxes
Ibn-khaldun enters the frame of Islamic scholarship, associating both intellectual…
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A Review of Early Muslim Control Engineering
During the period of Islamic-Arabic extraordinary activity in Science and…
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Muslim Rocket Technology
Arabic accounts report that Muslims introduced firearms into Islamic Spain,…
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Water Management and Hydraulic Technology
Water management in all its intricacies, from Andalusia to Afghanistan,…
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Review of Muslim Contribution to Civil Engineering: Dam Construction
Dams are required in most hydraulic systems, for irrigation, regulating…
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The impact of Al-Battani on European Astronomy
Al-Battani used the widest variety of instruments: astrolabes, tubes, a…
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The Muslim Pioneers of Astronomy
Most eminent Muslim astronomers include Al-Battani, al-Sufi, al-Biruni, and Ibn…
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Astronomical Observatories in the Classical Islamic Culture
The modern astronomical observatory as a research institute (as opposed…
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An overview of Muslim Astronomers
Al-Battani discovered the notions of trigonometrical ratios used today. Al-Biruni…
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Transmission of Muslim Astronomy to Europe
It was in Muslim Toledo, Spain, where flocked in the…
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The Advent of Experimental Chemistry
Experiment is what differentiates science of Muslim Civilisation from Greek…
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Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi the Great Surgeon
Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 CE), also known…
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Introduction to Muslim Science
Whilst the period of Antiquity, the time of Greco-Roman civilisation,…
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Al-Jazari: The Mechanical Genius
The following short survey presents a rapid overview on the…
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Bimaristans: Services and Their Educational Role in Islamic Medical History and Their Influence on Modern Medicine and Hospitals
The NHS is struggling to retain health care providers, a…
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1001 Cures II – Chapter 7: Medical Education during the Medieval Islamic Era
The Prophetic saying “If anyone carries out medical treatment, yet…
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1001 Cures II – Chapter 6: Surgery during the Medieval Islamic Era
This chapter presents the role of the Muslim surgeon Al-…
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1001 Cures II – Chapter 5: Medicine of the Medieval Islamic Era
Medicine in the medieval Islamic era included preventative medicine and…
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1001 Cures II – Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology in the Medieval Islamic Era
The medical scholars during the medieval Islamic era placed great…
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