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Ottoman Cash Waqfs Revisited: The Case of Bursa (1555- 1823) |
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By: Professor Murat Cizakca, Sun 27 June, 2004 |
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Professor Murat Cizakca* Cash endowments contributed to Ottoman society, without any cost to the State, by organizing and financing expenditures on education, health, welfare and a host of other activities. The aim of this article is to discover how these endowments functioned and contributed to the society over the long term. For this purpose the Cash Waqf Census Registers of the city of Bursa covering the period 1555-1823 were analysed in this article. Thus, although limited to one Ottoman city, a long-term analysis covering almost three hundred years has been attempted for the first time. This article analyses the way these endowments functioned and contributed to the society over a long period of time covering almost three hundred years.
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Fatimid Coins (909-1171CE) |
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By: FSTC Limited, Sun 18 January, 2004 |
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During the Fatimid Dynasty, Islamic coins were of such high quality and so abundant that they became the most wide-spread trade coins of the Mediterranean world.
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Andalusian Coins (711-1494CE) |
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By: FSTC Limited, Sun 18 January, 2004 |
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Muslims minted their first gold coins when they entered Spain in 711CE. The new coins were modelled in size and design after the Arab-Byzantine but their inscriptions were in Latin. A large star in the centre of the obverse field distinguished the Islamic Spanish coin from the Arab-Latin one.
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Abbasid Coins (750-1258CE) |
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By: FSTC Limited, Sun 18 January, 2004 |
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The Abbasid Dynasty experimented with different kinds of coins. They improved the appearance of coins using a more elegant form of Kufic script and the legends and the size of the legends on the dinars were changed so that they could include two margins.
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Umayyad Coins (661-750CE) |
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By: FSTC Limited, Sun 18 January, 2004 |
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As part of a policy to unify the various regions under Islamic rule, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan introduced the first Umayyad gold coins in 691CE. Within a short period of time, Islamic Coins replaced all Sassanian and Byzantine coins in Muslim lands.
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Ibn-Khaldun on Taxes |
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By: FSTC Limited, Mon 01 July, 2002 |
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Ibn-khaldun enters the frame of Islamic scholarship, associating both intellectual might and near perfect organisational skills to set the foundations for our modern social, economic, historical and political sciences.
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