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Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator: II
8. Notes [1.] The original article was produced by Salah Zaimeche, Salim Al-Hassani and Ahmed Salem. The members of the new FSTC Research Team have re-edited and revised this new version. The team now comprises of Mohammed Abattouy, Salim Al-Hassani, Mohammed El-Gomati, Salim Ayduz, Savas Konur, Cem Nizamoglu, Anne-Maria Brennan, Maurice Coles, Ian Fenn, Amar Nazir and Margaret Morris.
[2.] See For instance M Longworth Dames, "The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the 16th century", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921, pp. 1-28; E. Denison Ross, "The Portuguese in India and Arabia between 1507 and 1517", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 4 (October 1921), pp. 545-562; E. D. Ross, "The Portuguese in India and Arabia, 1517-38", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1 (Jan., 1922), pp. 1-18.
[3.] A. C. Hess, "The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525", The American Historical Review, vol. 75, 1969-70, pp. 1892-1919; p. 1892; W.Brice, and C. Imber, "Turkish Charts in the Portolan Style", The Geographical Journal, N° 144, 1978, pp. 528-529; p. 528.
[4.] A. C. Hess, "The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries", op. cit., p. 1911.
[5.] T. D. Goodrich, The Ottoman Turks and the New World, Wiesbaden, 1990.
[6.] S. Soucek, "A Propos du livre d'instructions nautiques de Piri Reis", Revue d‘Etudes Islamiques, vol. 41, 1973, pp. 241-55; p. 242.
[7.] More details on Piri Reis' life and achievements can be found in the voluminous literature about him in the recent publications. See among other specialised articles: Franz Babinger, "Piri Reis", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition, Leiden, Brill, 1936, vol. 3, pp. 1070-071; Sevim Tekeli, "Piri Reis", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1974, pp. 616-9; Paul F. Hoye and Paul Lunde, Piri Reis and the Hapgood Hypotheses, Saudi Aramco World, vol. 31(1), January/February 1980, pp. 18-31; S. Soucek, "Piri Reis", Encyclopaedia of Islam, New edition, Leiden, Brill, 1995, vol. 8, pp. 308-9; Sevim Tekeli, Earliest Maps of America (published 01 April 2005; read the full article in PDF).
[8.] S. Soucek, "Islamic Charting of the Mediterranean", in Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, edited by J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, vol. 2, book 1, pp. 263-272.
[9.] P. Khale, Die verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498 in einer turkishen Weltkarte von 1513 [The Lost map of Columbus from 1498 in a Turkish world map dated 1513], Berlin, 1933.
[10.] Ibid, introduction.
[11.] See Charles Hutchins Hapgood, The Piri Reis Map of 1513 (Evanston, Ill., Clark, 1962) and Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Philadelphia, 1966; paperback reprint Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997). This claim has not been validated and other scientists rejected Hapgood's claim: see Garrett G. Faganéd, Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, London and New York, Routledge, 2006, pp. 30, 34 ff.
[12.] J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, The History of Cartography, vol. 2, book 1, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago London, 1992.
[13.] P. Kahle, Die verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498, op. cit., p. 4.
[14.] P. Kahle, Piri Reis, Bahriye, Berlin, 1926, 2 vols.
[15.] S. Soucek, "Islamic Charting of the Mediterranean", in The History of Cartography, vol. 2, book 1, edited by J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, op. cit., , pp. 263-92.
[16.] Robert Mantran, "La Description des côtes de l'Algérie dans le Kitab-ı Bahriye de Piri Reis", Revue de l'Occident Musulman, Aix en Provence, vol. 15-16, 1973, pp. 159-68; R. Mantran, "La Description des côtes de la Tunisie dans le Kitab-i Bahriye de Piri Reis", Revue de l'Occident Musulman, vol. 23-24, 1977, pp. 223-35; R. Mantran, "Description des côtes méditeranéennes de la France dans le Kitab-i Bahriye de Piri Reis", Revue de l'Occident Musulman vol. 39, 1985, pp. 69-78; R. Mantran, "La Description des côtes de l'Egypte dans Kitab-i Bahriye", Annales Islamologiques, vol. 17, 1981, pp. 287-310.
[17.] E. Esin, "La Géographie Tunisienne de Piri Reis", in Cahiers de Tunisie, vol. 29, 1981, pp. 585-605.
[18.] S. Soucek, "Tunisia in the Kitab-ı Bahriye of Piri Reis", Archium Ottomanicum, vol. 5, 1973 [1976], pp. 129-296.
[19.] A. Bausani, "L'Italia nel Kitab-i Bhyriye di Piri Reis", Il Vetro, 23 (1979), pp. 173-96.
[20.]A. Bausani, "Venezia e l'Adriatico in un portolano Turco", Venezia e l'Oriente, a cura di L. Lanciotti, Florence: Olschki, 1987, pp. 339-52; A. Bausani, "La Costa Muggia-Triesto-Venezia nel portolano (1521-27) di Piri Reis", Studi Arabo-Islamici, a cura di C. Sarnelli Lergua, Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1985, pp. 65-9.
[21.] C. Allibert, "Une Description Turque de l'Océan Indien au XVIème Siècle: L'Océan indien Occidental dans le Kitab-ı Bahriye de Piri Reis", Etudes Océan Indien, vol. 10, 1988, pp. 9-51.
[22.] T. D. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps in the Kitab-ı bahriye of Piri Reis", in Archivum Ottomanicum, Wiesbaden, vol. 13, 1993-4, pp. 117-35; p. 119.
[23.] Kitab-ı Bahriye, Piri Reis, edited by Ertugrul Zekai Okte, translated by Vahit Cabuk, Tulay Duran, and Robert Bragner, Historical Research Foundation, Istanbul Research Centre, Ankara: Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Turkish Republic, 1988-91, 4 vols.
[24.] P. Kahle, Die verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498, op. cit., p. 2.
[25.]T. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps", op. cit., p. 116.
[26.] Ibid, p. 117.
[27.] S. Soucek, "Islamic Charting of the Mediterranean", op. cit., p. 272.
[28.] T. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps", op. cit., p.117.
[29.] A. Soucek, "A Propos du livre d'instructions nautiques de Piri Reis", op. cit., pp. 244-45; A. Soucek, "A Propos du livre d'instructions nautiques de Piri Reis", op. cit., pp. 244-45.
[30.] A.C. Hess, "The Evolution "The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries", op. cit.
[31.] S. Soucek, "A Propos du livre d'instructions nautiques de Piri Reis", op. cit., p. 242.
[32.] T. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps", op. cit., p.117.
[33.] W. Brice, "Early Muslim Sea-Charts", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1977, pp. 53-61; p.56.
[34.] P. Kahle, Die verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498, op. cit., p. 2.
[35.]Quoted in W. Brice and C. Imber, "Turkish Charts", op. cit., p. 528.
[36.]Ibid, p. 529.
[37.] S. Soucek, "Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean", op. cit., pp. 277-80.
[38.] Ibid, p. 277.
[39.]See fig 1 in W. Brice, "Early Muslim Sea-Charts", op. cit., p. 57
[40.] T. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps", op. cit., p. 120.
[41.]Ibid, p. 122.
[42.] See R. V. Tooley, French Mapping of America, London: Map Collector‘s Circle, 1967.
[43.] T. Goodrich, "Supplemental Maps", op. cit., p.122.
[44.] See Rodney W.Shirley: The Mapping of the World. Early Printed World maps 1472-1700, London, The Holland Press, 1984, N° 228 and plate 180.
[45.] R. Mantran, "Description des côtes méditerrannéenes de la France", op. cit.
[46.] R. Mantran, "La Description des côtes de la Tunisie", op. cit.; S. Soucek, "Tunisia in the Kitab-ı Bahriye of Piri Reis", op. cit.
[47.] S. Soucek, "Tunisia in the Kitab-ı Bahriye of Piri Reis", op. cit., p. 132, note 16.
[48.] Soucek notes that with respect to the Tunisian coast, the first version of the Kitab is much richer than the second: Ibid, p. 130.
[49.] Ibid, p.149.
[50.]Ibid, p. 151. Bejaia was to be retaken forty five years later in 1555 by Salah Reis, Bey of Algiers, but it never regained its former glory.
[51.]S. Soucek, "Tunisia in the Kitab-ı Bahriye of Piri Reis", op. cit., p. 157.
[52.]Ibid, p. 169.
[53.]Ibid, p. p.177.
[54.] Ibid, pp. 185, 197.
[55.] Ibid, p. 199.
[56.] Ibid, p. 201.
[57.] Ibid, p. 219.
[58.]Ibid, p. 221.
[59.] Ibid, pp. 219, 221, 235.
[60.] Ibid, pp. 251-267.
[61.] S. Soucek, "Islamic Charting of the Mediterranean", op. cit., p. 267.
[62.] S. Soucek, "Tunisia in the Kitab-ı Bahriye of Piri Reis", op. cit., pp. 273-285.
[63.] Ibid, p. 273.
[64.] Note 8, p. 287 in Soucek., Source Sanuto Diarii, v, fol.109. The city was retaken from the Spanish in 1551 by Sinan Pasha and Turgut. ~ End ~ Back to the Table of Contents *The original article was produced by Salah Zaimeche, Salim Al-Hassani and Ahmed Salem. The members of the new FSTC Research Team have re-edited and revised this new version. The team now comprises of Mohammed Abattouy, Salim Al-Hassani, Mohammed El-Gomati, Salim Ayduz, Savas Konur, Cem Nizamoglu, Anne-Maria Brennan, Maurice Coles, Ian Fenn, Amar Nazir and Margaret Morris.
by: FSTC Research Team, Sat 13 February, 2010
 
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